Skipper ID request

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Which Telicota sp. are these? Are they both T. besta?
1.
27586

2.
27587

[Psyche]

They are both Telicota besta male.

Do not be confused by the colour in photos as much depends on the white balance.

Here is a review.

T. colon male :FW spots staggered, ie not in line; spots 4 & 5 often distorted.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iRfNeV5wQzA/UKzN8heYtNI/AAAAAAAAIoU/f3aJKVW5sQk/s1600/PalmDart-LemonTea.jpg


T. augias male; Always a uniform deep orange including face; FW spots 4 & 5 equal; HW veins not dark-dusted.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hp7OPF_eJ6Q/U6ZQMNh6IkI/AAAAAAAAOPs/KFaTN4_wis4/s1600/HFH_2956-Palm-Dart-(Telicota-augias-augias).jpg
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6riT3uzrel0/VgoXg6gugdI/AAAAAAAABhk/BmQspbMAvkk/s1600/Telicota%2Baugias_male_1.jpg


T. linna male: FW spots 4 & 5 equal; HW veins not darken ;ground colour dusky; Face & lower abdomen pale.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-79Gj7N-1GXc/Vz1Td5Ld2HI/AAAAAAAAmR4/95Ux0hx6rvQBix7nmXm2PYZenG8olIQ2wCLcB/s1600/TL_male_01.jpg
https://alchetron.com/cdn/telicota-608b9a01-d3cb-4d3a-9827-d591d3395e2-resize-750.jpg


T. besta male; FW spots 4 & 5 equal; HW veins strongly raised & may be lightly darken; only face paler.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EcRIOq2ivQ8/U1vGYbuSkoI/AAAAAAAAdOU/R4gYL-S-BfY/s1600/TB_adult_male_-04.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UaQyq4Qv0Do/U1vGMJpF3JI/AAAAAAAAdOE/AO0B1ysaCfU/s1600/TB_adult_01.jpg
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LFTJK1e_eF4/VhmfBaBmxeI/AAAAAAAAW3I/Kl3VHYgnHGE/s1600/DSC_0409-001.JPG


T. bambusae .I am unsure if this occur in Singapore.
Continental specise but feed on common grasses such as rice, bamboo, maize & sugar cane.
Small species FW 15mm, compare with T besta 17-20mm.
FW spots 4 & 5 equal .FW short & spots wide; HW veins not darken.face paler.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/maanay/50385196348
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Close_wing_position_of_Telicota_bambusae_Moor e,_1878_%E2%80%93_Dark_Palm-Dart_WLB_DSC_3871.jpg




TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Would require some help with the IDs.

1. Telicota besta?
27598

2. Is it possible to ID with just the upper wing shot? Did not get a chance to shoot the undersides. Size wise, it was quite large, definitely larger than the typical Pelopidas. Could it be Pelopidas assamensis?
27599

[Psyche]

Post 4.

1. Female Telicota besta . Note longer bodyshape.


2. Pelopidas conjunctus. ? female.


P. mathias FW 16-18mm.;FW spots whitish.
Subapical spots usually not in an arc.
Female with extra small upper spot in space 1b just below spot 2.
FW cellspots small; a line drawn thru them moves close or cut the large lower triangular spot in space 1b.
Female.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f8ydI8r9_gA/VK_ukM-2WvI/AAAAAAAAfwg/gk7NgCPosu8/s1600/SBS_adult_upperside_01.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eYsLtkDVM7A/VK_vH20SNVI/AAAAAAAAfxQ/90i1_OxhG2M/s1600/SBS_adult_upperside_02.jpg


P. agna Larger FW 17-20mm. FW spots whitish.
Subapical spots usually not in an arc.
Female with extra upper space 1b spot.
FW cellspot small; a line drawn thru them moves away from the larger lower space 1b spot.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Pelopidas%20agna%20agna/PA_female_02.jpg


Pelopidas conjunctus. Large FW 21- 23mm. FW spots yellowish; HW spots whitish.
FW subapical spots in an arc.
Female without the extra small upper space 1b spot.
Male without a brand but with a space 1b spot.
Male & female.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FvDO3Lfw_To/VwiMznz4M2I/AAAAAAAAmCc/nvyGYR91VEIRPMXu_8UtbWohigle6IdhQ/s1600/PC_adult_Khew_03.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-p3O1nQxBfqk/VwepqL4Q12I/AAAAAAAAl_Y/fTaail-ZE1AiOm4P0x1v2ZJjnEVlrN0JA/s1600/PC_adult_Khew_01.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Qmzp-Y5H8e4/Vwj_XWV40MI/AAAAAAAAmDE/w1NVMZeNZsIzJT5BgYz0du-eUoCn6GklQ/s1600/PC_adult_JamesChia_01.jpg


Pelopidas assamensis Very large .FW 23 - 27mm.
All spots white, the FW ones large & prominent.
Male without a brand but with a space 1b spot.
Antennae with broad white band.
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/fauna/1/1/1104




TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you again Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Require some help with these IDs. Thank you!

1. Caltoris cormasa?
27616

2. Caltoris cormasa?
27617

3. Caltoris philippina?
27620

4. Cephrenes sp.
27621
27618

5. Potanthus omaha?
27619

[Psyche]

POst 7.
1 Female Caltoris cormasa.
2 Male C. cormasa.

Note reddish tone ;FW subapical spots tend to be small, & often three.



3. Polytremis lubricans. Male.
There is too much blue rendering the colour unusual.
UnH is r4ahter coarsely scaled & the spots may not be apparent.
FW spots distinctly yellow, in male upper cellspot often triangular.

Males.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/155010380@N05/43383536271
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Polytremis%20lubricans%20lubricans/Contiguous%20Swift%20-%20Neo%20Chee%20Beng.jpg
Cambodia.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/2631919/large.jpg

[Psyche]

4 Female Telicota linna.

UnH veins across band not dark dusted. Ground colour dusky.
The underparts are also more strongly pale in this species.
Male.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-79Gj7N-1GXc/Vz1Td5Ld2HI/AAAAAAAAmR4/95Ux0hx6rvQBix7nmXm2PYZenG8olIQ2wCLcB/s1600/TL_male_01.jpg
Female.
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e_7pWdo7Xxw/Vz1Tmmx5PpI/AAAAAAAAmR8/f2OCfKpKqCUHrPSwUg4pPp-4TWKi0VGlwCLcB/s1600/TL_female_03.jpg


Cephrenes acalle.
UnH veins strongly black & bands edged with sharp spots; Female often purplish.
Male.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rX8XkLl3ZD0/UYfJr52WE_I/AAAAAAAAKEI/TjyFB_7zgQw/s1600/PlainPalmDart-FedHo.jpg

Females.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Cephrenes%20acalle%20niasicus/CA_female_Horace_02.jpg.jpg
Thailand.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Cephrenes-acalle.jpg

[Psyche]

5. Potanthus omaha male.
The black line at abdominal end is thicker than usual.

Females of most species usually have some dark shading at abdominal end dorsally.



P. omaha' HW band veins dark dusted above & below. ground lightly dark.
Male
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20omaha%20omaha/272%20Potanthus%20omaha%20omaha%20(Lesser%20Dart)% 20Bobby%20Mun.jpg
Female
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/202375433/large.jpeg


P. ganda; deeper orange; HW band veins not dark dusted or barely so ,both surface.
Male.
https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1337/1049156520_ac5c42d89d.jpg
Female.
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTYDgE52JOGMm6SRk1yFi3guENe1d9Qp-BHAisHBPGrPfYvDagJqrWA8gpZoIoVyLY7OFM&usqp=CAU



P. confucius; Spots broadly overlapping ;Veins across band not dark dusted on both surface.
Male upperside have a continuous FW band without being interrupted by dark veins.
Males.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B2W0fVicLAM/TlfLl8yaSSI/AAAAAAAAEq4/2t883dpTHBk/s400/DSC1958-Potanthus-confucius.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/135259032/large.jpg
Compare with the appearance of P.omaha.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/135259009/large.jpg
And that of P. ganda.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/189397177/original.jpeg


Potanthus juno. Very rare .Abdominal end may be lightly bande.
Typicall with two subapical spots, spot 8 absent, sometimes vestigial. Spot 5 often smaller than spot 4.
UnH upper end of band often rounded.
Male Thailand
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Potanthus-juno-1080x675.jpg

Singapore.
Male.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eLxO6Cqrl-k/Tv3BPqqdcTI/AAAAAAAAFIw/5qD_fJxEnpw/s400/DSC3668%2BSkipper%2B%2540%2BBukit%2BBrown.jpg
Females
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WroJpPq0U5g/WGddN4VeO8I/AAAAAAAAQQk/yLDmI309uw8nDMBP_wvQFzx7edYEtR6IACLcB/s1600/JunoDart-KohCH.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/128578949/large.jpeg


The other species P. trachala, mingo, & serina have a distinct black band at abdominal end.


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you for the clarifications and explanations Dr Seow! The P. lubricans picture was an older handphone shot, so the colours might seem weird.

[Psyche]

Correction

Post 7 No. 2. Baoris oceia.

Although this looks reddish like Caltoris cormasa. a number of things are not quite right.

Both antennae are black, showing no pale areas as in C. cormasa.
FW is more swept.
FW spots are obscure. This is very rare in Caltoris & common in Baoris.


Baoris oceia.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hLOHSi2j5T8/XQ8H_Ngs0RI/AAAAAAAAWbQ/NAwHUbEbRK8-JsNtvDs-TF4zw4J4EFxiwCLcBGAs/s1600/BambooPaintBrushSwift-KSK.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Baoris%20oceia/Paintbrush-Swift---Simon-Sng.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=26306&d=1589172088
http://www.butterflycircle.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=26305&d=1589172077


C. cormasa
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/59431898/original.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-h5zPj8F1vXg/VGOOhleGE7I/AAAAAAAAfW8/DI8-NOnYPZM/s1600/CC_field_01.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/hengbok-nikita/9662709824


Little details matter but in photos these are hard to judge.



TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Indeed, especially when it is quite a worn out individual. Thank you for the correction Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Here are a few more I require help with. Thank you!

1. No pale area on antennae, Baoris sp?
27661
27662

2. Taractrocera archias?
27666

3. Potanthus sp.
27664

[Psyche]

Post 14.

1. Baoris oceia.male.

Baoris oceia tend to be darker & the smaller spots reduced or absent.
Males.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hLOHSi2j5T8/XQ8H_Ngs0RI/AAAAAAAAWbQ/NAwHUbEbRK8-JsNtvDs-TF4zw4J4EFxiwCLcBGAs/s1600/BambooPaintBrushSwift-KSK.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Baoris%20oceia/Paintbrush-Swift---Simon-Sng.jpg


B. farri tend to be more fully spotted & lighter brown.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/itchydogimages/7863317448


2. Taractrocera archias.male.
Note the antennal clubs are rounded without the apiculus.



3. Probably Potanthus mingo male. Correction: Female from the sharp FW apex with rounded margin,& the notched abdominal end.
The abdominal end is hidden by the HW, but a patch of black indicate a black basal band.

Of the three (or 4) species with a black basal band.

Potanthus serina large FW 16mm.
FW spot 5 smaller than spot 4.
HW band, veins not dark-dusted; ground shaded dark brown not black ;often a small spot 6 on the inner corner.
Males.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20serina/Potanthus-serina-KSK.jpg
https://www.thaibutterflies.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Potanthus-serina-1080x675.jpg


Potanthus trachala. medium FW 15mm.
FW spots 4 & 5 not overlapping the spots above & below; spots spiky.
HW upper spot of band project out strongly.
Males.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kcinccQ1aJQ/Xm43VASQ2uI/AAAAAAAAUyI/dRDMZQ5vUrwUCmddUzTqD9dk9D6am8vjgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/HFH_8008%2BPotanthus%2Btrachala%2Btytleri.JPG
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kvlAhJLLsd0/VAxf7FbehUI/AAAAAAAAQFc/hP3tC8esw5s/s1600/HFH3746-Potanthus-trachala-tytleri.jpg


Potanthus mingo. Small FW 12mm.
FW spots 4 & 5 generally overlapping the other spots, variable.
HW band heavily edged by black spots & heavy shading.
Males.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-f3wB2A2ujBs/TljGL_hdu_I/AAAAAAAABdc/afUjssvXasc/s1600/_MG_1531.jpg
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EGfuIVmIAcM/Xm44SFZWNPI/AAAAAAAAUyQ/7MKmfZclFC4HrcGGzMmJmYIoxUSKucmwgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/HFH_8042%2BPotanthus%2Bsp.JPG



Poanthus juno. FW 13mm.
Abdominal end may be dark banded in the male , less so in the female.
FW typicaaly with two subapical spots .(Spot 8 occassinally present & tiny.
FW spot 5 often smaller than spot 4. HW band upper end often rounded.
Male.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eLxO6Cqrl-k/Tv3BPqqdcTI/AAAAAAAAFIw/5qD_fJxEnpw/s400/DSC3668%2BSkipper%2B%2540%2BBukit%2BBrown.jpg
Female.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WroJpPq0U5g/WGddN4VeO8I/AAAAAAAAQQk/yLDmI309uw8nDMBP_wvQFzx7edYEtR6IACLcB/s1600/JunoDart-KohCH.jpg



TL Seow: Cheers.
Compare Potanthus ganda males ,Singapore.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/40609325/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/24007896/original.jpg

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[Psyche]

Correction.
Post 14.
3. Female Potanthus ganda.


The triangular profile suggest a male, but this due to the butterfly fscing away from the camera, ie the head is farthest.
The pointed FW apex & the abdominal end indicate a female.

All female Potanthus often have heavier dark shadings of the abdominal end.

The markings although dark are very similar to typical P. ganda females.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X9BG2_Zk_Ps/Wc8m3pfjCiI/AAAAAAAAr_U/uyzaS7MpTEUu75uRd84GtIz705wU2thrgCLcBGAs/s1600/GandaDart_Adult_02.jpg
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e_HuBihng50/WckVphdNd-I/AAAAAAAAr5o/X4aSyt94VVU8H5wN5zLXWxNb5Evj-LKtgCLcBGAs/s1600/Potanthus_ganda_cat4of4_underside.jpg


In P. mingo the abdominal end black band is strong & the HW band is excavated by dark spots.
Female left.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tFtROXZYiZI/W_ErxDkE91I/AAAAAAAAUA0/vigPklu01Zk8ED1PVNUUuA9YRNAfy41dQCLcBGAs/s1600/HFH_3107%2BPotanthus%2Bmingo.JPG

Female P. trachala for comparison.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20trachala%20tytleri/Potanthus_female_01.jpg



TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you for the correction Dr Seow! I just shot a couple more that require an ID.

1. Size was notably relatively larger than the normal darts, could it be P. serina?
27667
27668
27669

2. Telicota sp? Unfortunately no better shots.
27670

[Psyche]

Post 18.
1. Female Potanthus serina.

P. serina have FW spot 5 smaller than spot 4 (more so in the male)HW often with a small spot 6 on the inner margin.
HW ground tend to be orangey & shaded dark brown.
Males.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzo8wjfyCsM/S3qF6D08dOI/AAAAAAAAFBk/OPuxJa3KVHQ/s1600-h/PHS_adult_01.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/179114569/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/161034379/original.jpeg
Female.
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rzo8wjfyCsM/SvGpiRQbRAI/AAAAAAAAEZo/o2cal7Ek3g8/s1600-h/PHS_adult_female_c.jpg

Some examples have spot 8 reduced & so resembles P. juno.but P. juno is smaller & HW band upper end rounded.
eg.female.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/7706980/large.jpeg
Compare female P. juno.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WroJpPq0U5g/WGddN4VeO8I/AAAAAAAAQQk/yLDmI309uw8nDMBP_wvQFzx7edYEtR6IACLcB/s1600/JunoDart-KohCH.jpg



2. Probably male Telicota augias.
Colour rendering may cause it to be less orange as seen by the bluish leaves.


T. colon male FW spots staggered out ie each set farther out than the one below.
Males.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iRfNeV5wQzA/UKzN8heYtNI/AAAAAAAAIoU/f3aJKVW5sQk/s1600/PalmDart-LemonTea.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/148061652/large.jpg

T. besta Male often lightly dusted & raised veins; face paler.
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1rRXJdPYor8/U1t8nyeH4YI/AAAAAAAAdNo/oJS47AHDGVg/s1600/TB_newly_eclosed_male_01.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/118533920/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/117086675/large.jpeg

T. linna. Male veins not dark dusted. ground often dusky ;face & underparts usually paler.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-79Gj7N-1GXc/Vz1Td5Ld2HI/AAAAAAAAmR4/95Ux0hx6rvQBix7nmXm2PYZenG8olIQ2wCLcB/s1600/TL_male_01.jpg
https://alchetron.com/cdn/telicota-608b9a01-d3cb-4d3a-9827-d591d3395e2-resize-750.jpg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/153835733/large.jpg


T. augias; Male uniformly orange ,deeper than other species, veins not dark-dusted; HW band not contrasting.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hp7OPF_eJ6Q/U6ZQMNh6IkI/AAAAAAAAOPs/KFaTN4_wis4/s1600/HFH_2956-Palm-Dart-(Telicota-augias-augias).jpg
https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5336/9950853134_aaff7fdc56_b.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/98679560/large.jpeg


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you again Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

A few skippers that I would like to confirm the ID. Thank you!

1. Cephrenes trichopepla? Size was quite large
27848
27845

2. HW veins slightly raised. Telicota besta?
27846

3. This should be Potanthus omaha
27847

[Psyche]

Post 21.
They are all correct.

1. Cephrenes trichopepla.male.
Hw band deeper orange with a nipple-like spot on the upper margin.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yzw2AzY2du4/S1rtlMQIIWI/AAAAAAAAEMc/lce15q_Gkxw/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/Cephrenes-trichopepla4.jpg
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-88j45tR9gBw/UCJqAQ_V54I/AAAAAAAAOR4/DqmSDY4iY30/s1600/CT_adult_Loke_01.jpg

2. Female Telicota besta
FW spots 4 & 5 equal & aligned; HW veins lightly dark-dusted.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/207941006/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/131465658/large.jpg

Very similar.
Female Telicota colon.
FW spots 4 & 5 often distorted in shape & slightly out of alignment; spot 5 often bisected.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/171102032/large.jpeg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-grsw9HIBWI4/VAxfuqQLhFI/AAAAAAAAQFU/ARBSsNRqbFI/s1600/HFH3772-Telicota%2Bcolon%2Bstinga.jpg


3. Male Potanthus omaha.
Typically dull yellow ochreous with the veins darken.
Male
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20omaha%20omaha/272%20Potanthus%20omaha%20omaha%20(Lesser%20Dart)% 20Bobby%20Mun.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20omaha%20omaha/Lesser%20Dart%20-%20Fedrick%20Ho.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/204532184/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/212926545/large.jpeg
Females.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/202375433/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/206195231/large.jpeg
Female -right.
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/218715704/large.jpeg


Often confused with P. ganda. Hybrids likely occur,
P. ganda
Veins across HW band not or barely dark-dusted.
More orange especially in the male.
Underside shaded darker.
Males.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r1T4ajMPuVQ/Wmfi2GgfpLI/AAAAAAAAOkY/jv666Pzc-P4hAR9LfytxbX4u--_eoqFnwCLcBGAs/s1600/Potanthus%2Bganda%2B%2528Ganda%2BDart%2529%2B%2528 6%2529.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS7Am1Gr7JkuoFBmNsxxQx_bFsHx45hE z2KtjCIA07GJGnNJfsbmQzOG9JHxLsCTrt4lI4&usqp=CAU
https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/potanthus-omaha-commonly-known-as-the-lesser-dart-species-of-skipper-butterflies-potanthus-omaha-246630531.jpg
Females with more noticeable veins.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20ganda/GandaDart-HoraceT.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20ganda/GandaDart-KohCH.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20ganda/Ganda_dart_05.jpg


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

A few more skippers for confirmation. Thank you!

1. FW spots 4 & 5 not aligned. Telicota colon?
27896

2. No HW cell spot. Borbo cinnara?
27897

3. Pelopidas conjunctus? A little larger than the typical Pelopidas
27898

4. Darkened veins and thick black bands on abdomen. Potanthus omaha female?
27899

[Psyche]

Post 24.

1. Typical male Telicota colon ;FW spots staggered out.
https://i.pinimg.com/600x315/9c/a1/c2/9ca1c23b4718a7a6d2d82f16fa66c7d5.jpg


2. Female Borbo cinnara.
HW no cellspot; typically spots 2, 3, & 6. extra spots 4 & 5; antennae shorter, clubs thick.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hvp8rrKnND0/U15rf0NURgI/AAAAAAAAdUM/Gb_ajorcSOE/s1600/FS_female_adult_unds_01_c.jpg


3. Female Pelopidas mathias.
UnH shaded grey & unevenly dark.
Female right.
https://wildpenang.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/5/5/37556453/9741810_orig.jpg

Similar P. agna female ;Underside uniformly brown.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/gancw1/22195353146


P. conjunctus. Large FW 21mm vs FW 16 - 18 mm for P. mathias/agna.
UnH uniformly dark brown; FW spots distinctly larger & yellow compared to HW spots. FW cilia uniformly dark grey.
Male.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FvDO3Lfw_To/VwiMznz4M2I/AAAAAAAAmCc/nvyGYR91VEIRPMXu_8UtbWohigle6IdhQ/s1600/PC_adult_Khew_03.jpg
Females.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-p3O1nQxBfqk/VwepqL4Q12I/AAAAAAAAl_Y/fTaail-ZE1AiOm4P0x1v2ZJjnEVlrN0JA/s1600/PC_adult_Khew_01.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Pelopidas%20conjunctus%20conjunctus/PC_adult_Loke_01.jpg


4. Typical male Potanthus trachala. FW 15mm.
Abdominal end with a distinct black band; HW band upper spot project out strongly.
FW spots spiky; spots 4 & 5 not overlapping the others (some examples like this have slight overlap.).
Male.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kvlAhJLLsd0/VAxf7FbehUI/AAAAAAAAQFc/hP3tC8esw5s/s1600/HFH3746-Potanthus-trachala-tytleri.jpg
Female.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20trachala%20tytleri/Potanthus_female_01.jpg


P. omaha small FW 12mm.
Abdominal end yellow in male ;in female often with some dark shading.
Ground colour lightly shaded; veins variably dark dusted, spots not spiky.
Male.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20omaha%20omaha/272%20Potanthus%20omaha%20omaha%20(Lesser%20Dart)% 20Bobby%20Mun.jpg
Female.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MF0Ou8Bsf6g/UzvTW52eX4I/AAAAAAAANqE/7kUqNhh7KgM/s1600/DSC_0189.JPG



TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Require some help with these skippers. Thank you!

1. Caltoris sp. There are two FW apical spots, C. malaya?
27953
The picture uploaded here might not be clear, so here's the iNaturalist link for better details:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133445751

2. Caltoris sp. The FW spots seem different from a typical C. cormasa, maybe C. bromus?
27954

3. Is this Caltoris or Polytremis?
27955

4. Potanthus omaha?
27956

[Psyche]

Post 27.

Your shots are actually of very good professional qualities.

1. Male Caltoris malaya.
NO FW upper cellspot visible.
Subapicalspot generally two.
Antenall pale area weak. ground uniform ochreous shaded brown ,female paler.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/156660812/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/175617650/large.jpeg

2. Caltoris cormasa.
Antennal pale area strong.
FW upper cellspot absent or small.
Subapical spots often three.
HW noticeably darker, deeper red, purplish brown contrasting with FW.
27957
No upper cellspot. Subapical spots two, spots 6 & 7.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/149343408/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/176375318/large.jpg


C. bromus bromus.
FW with prominent cellspots (typical 2large)
Subapical spots often two.
Antennal pale area prominent.
Underside uniform dark brown with ochreous overlay.
Female paler, often with 1 -2 HW spot.
Males.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/60699155/large.jpg
https://i13.photobucket.com/albums/a288/SunnyChir/Bin/Sunny-Chir-1D4-7107--25_08_2014_zpsd5aebfd1.png
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/223677817/large.jpg
Female. note HW spot in space 2.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/20120387/original.jpeg

Caltoris cahira austeni.
Antennal pale area strong.
Subapical spots often two, two cellspots.
Deep brown, HW overlaid with dark chocolate.
Female.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/213043281/large.jpg



4. Potanthus ganda. abdominal end yellow in male, dark shading in female.
Deeper orange or tawny.
Veins across HW bnad not or barely darken.
Heavier dark shading.
Male.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/224476648/large.jpeg
Females.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/217038395/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/172861018/large.jpg


4. Potanthus omaha Female.
Abdominal end yellow in male, dark shaded in female.
HW veins across band dark dusted thru; ground duller yellower less dark shaded.
Pair, female on left.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/185978250/large.jpeg
Female.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/172861026/large.jpg

TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow, based on your explanations, number 3 should also be a Caltoris malaya with the more ochreous shaded brown and two FW subapical spots? A little unclear with your numbering hahaha

[Psyche]

Thank you Dr Seow, based on your explanations, number 3 should also be a Caltoris malaya with the more ochreous shaded brown and two FW subapical spots? A little unclear with your numbering hahaha

3 is Polytremis lubricans male.
Look at the markings on the antennal club. It is different from Caltoris.
HW spots on the underside may be invisible.
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sites/default/files/622_92468-133-61a97cc297668-1.jpg


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Ah okay thank you!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Have some skippers for ID. Also I'm a little confused about between Potanthus ganda and omaha, are the differences just the dark dusting in the HW veins across the orange patch? Because sometimes P. ganda seems to have a little dark scaling on the veins. Thank you!

1. Potanthus ganda?
27973

2. This should be Potanthus omaha
27974

3. Telicota augias? Very vibrant orange and very very faint HW markings (did not change the saturation or vibrancy in post-editing)
27975

4. Telicota linna or besta? HW veins not dark dusted, but veins are strongly raised. I can't really tell if the body/face is paler. *Shot by Ash Foo
27976

[Psyche]

Post 32.

1 .Female Potanthus ganda.

2. Female Potanthus omaha (probably with some hybrid blood)

3. Male Telicota augias.

4. Female Telicota linna.
If the pic is very sharp & the veins can be seen to be clean it should be T. linna
Also note the body underparts (abdomen & thorax),and face are paler.
Telicota linna.
Male, female.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-79Gj7N-1GXc/Vz1Td5Ld2HI/AAAAAAAAmR4/95Ux0hx6rvQBix7nmXm2PYZenG8olIQ2wCLcB/s1600/TL_male_01.jpg
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e_7pWdo7Xxw/Vz1Tmmx5PpI/AAAAAAAAmR8/f2OCfKpKqCUHrPSwUg4pPp-4TWKi0VGlwCLcB/s1600/TL_female_03.jpg

Telicota besta.
Male & two females.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EcRIOq2ivQ8/U1vGYbuSkoI/AAAAAAAAdOU/R4gYL-S-BfY/s1600/TB_adult_male_-04.jpg
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jNl8Waf_HV0/U1vGRX6qqcI/AAAAAAAAdOM/CiGHaWLO_cQ/s1600/TB_adult_female_03+(1).jpg
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OEM0FaXJUEI/U1vGhhSB71I/AAAAAAAAdOk/ZsPEPPciXJU/s1600/TB_adult_female_01.jpg

[Psyche]

Potanthus omaha & ganda can be quite tricky at times.
There are intermediates or hybrids between the two.


Potanthus omaha.
Typically dull ochreous.
Veins shoulbe dusted throughout, including FW.
Veins on upperside HW also blackend.
Ground colour very lightly darken.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/167750759/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/165298057/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/207658482/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/214071235/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/215107871/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/202375433/large.jpeg


Potanthus ganda.
More orange especially in the male.
Veins typically not dark dusted.
Spots edged with heavier dark shadings.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/148454978/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/165829200/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/224476648/large.jpeg
Females. Note veins across FW band also not or barely darken.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e_HuBihng50/WckVphdNd-I/AAAAAAAAr5o/X4aSyt94VVU8H5wN5zLXWxNb5Evj-LKtgCLcBGAs/s1600/Potanthus_ganda_cat4of4_underside.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ht4NZzQNDAw/Wcuga8PmFPI/AAAAAAAAr-w/cySTrPvk6d0M71ZMAUNioKiQC9ZGpCr-wCLcBGAs/s1600/Potanthus_ganda_cat3of4_underside.jpg
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--7DDZsR_4ao/WckT_rCIE1I/AAAAAAAAr5E/i1dGwuJgZH04dC7u0bmdZax7E8C2u1tawCLcBGAs/s1600/Ganda_dart_05.jpg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/149381493/large.jpg


Intermediate forms.

These have more the characters of P. ganda
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/195876946/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/214062938/large.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L3ew9ztkIks/U5JqPz8aSgI/AAAAAAAAOKw/Qh7FzPC3VHg/s1600/HFH_2474-Potanthus-ganda.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20ganda/GandaDart-KohCH.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L3ew9ztkIks/U5JqPz8aSgI/AAAAAAAAOKw/Qh7FzPC3VHg/s1600/HFH_2474-Potanthus-ganda.jpg


These looks more like P. omaha.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/145552965/large.jpg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/181752955/large.jpg



TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you for the clarifications Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Is this Telicota besta? The colour seemed a little off, but I reckon its from age. Thank you!
28029

[Psyche]

Post 36.

Female Telicota colon.
Note FW spots 4 & 5 are not aligned properly. Often they are distorted.
The upper spot 5 is often bisected horizontally.
Males,
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Telicota%20colon%20stinga/Telicota-colon2-KSK.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/148061652/large.jpg
Females.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-grsw9HIBWI4/VAxfuqQLhFI/AAAAAAAAQFU/ARBSsNRqbFI/s1600/HFH3772-Telicota%2Bcolon%2Bstinga.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/222453633/large.jpg


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Need assistance with this Pelopidas sp. The FW spots are aligned. Thank you!

Pelopidas assamensis?
28031

[Psyche]

Post 38.

Female Pelopidas mathias Strongly grey shaded.

Antennal club witnout prominent white band. FW 15-16mm.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Zld9bl5mdBo/VLKKIqUe-XI/AAAAAAAAf08/O8JvOpe6umE/s1600/SBS_adult_01.jpg

Pelopidas assamensis is very large ,more than 2X larger than P. mathias. FW 24-26mm.
FW & HW spots white, large on FW.
Antennal with prominent white band.
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sites/default/files/PelopidasAssamensis_TarunKarmakar_ap010.jpg
http://www.samuibutterflies.com/02_images/travels/hesperiidae/pelopidasassamensis.mv.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--xEq_1gWXlQ/U3te_j7E6lI/AAAAAAAAOjU/DYxolZbsTWE/s1600/DSC_0390-001.JPG
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/-/media/ffw/migrated/round2/fauna/1104/a87a7581389d4b6ca2361ef46f461e50.ashx


TL Seow: CHeers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Require confirmation on some IDs. Thank you!

1. Potanthus serina?
28072

2. Caltoris sp. Shot on Pulau Ubin by Lumin Ong
28073

3. Amathusia phidippus? Shot on Pulau Ubin by Lumin Ong
28074

[Psyche]

Post 41.

1. Potanthus serina male.
Note FW spot 5 is smaller than sot 4.
HW shaded dark brown, not black; HW band with a triangular spot 6 on the upper inner corner.

2. Caltoris cormasa male.
Note prominent pale area on antenna, the dark reddish colour deeper on HW; FW spots yellowish.


3. Male Amathusia phidippus phidippus
Note HW 4th dark band from base , both margins not notched by the passing veins.
28075

Examples.
Tanglin
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/163695617/large.jpeg
Nanyang.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/163091922/large.jpg
CWCA
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/155511250/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/132593177/large.jpeg
Southern Ridges.
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/194577237/large.jpeg
Cluny.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/224916350/large.jpeg
Pasir Ris.
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/234227953/large.jpeg


Amathusia friderici holmunhunti
This is not uncommon as the larva now feed on oil palm. A dark form in which the male upperside is almost black (form utana) also exist.
This differs from A. phidippus in that the 4th dark band from the HW base is strongly notched by the veins on both margins.
As expected most sightings are on Pulau Ubin.
P. Ubin.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/174217804/large.jpg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/132281194/large.jpg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/221704724/large.jpeg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/221657114/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/195264447/large.jpg
Botanic Garden.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/177910058/large.jpeg
Pasir Ris.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/39389653/large.jpeg


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

After reading the key ID features you mentioned, I re-looked at my previous Amathusia shots. I labelled this as A. phidippus previously but now I noticed the 4th band seems to be notched by the veins. Perhaps you could take a look.

Shot at Upper Seletar Reservoir
28076
28077

[Psyche]

Post 43.

These are both A. phidippus.
If you look at the inner margin of the 4th band there are practically no indentation made by the veins.


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Ah okay I get it now, thank you very much Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Some IDs that need confirmation. Thank you!

1. Potanthus trachala?
28083

2. Caltoris cormasa
28084

3. Ypthima horsfieldii? All are the same individual, not sure if the uppersides would add any clarity but included anyways.
28085
28086
28087

[Psyche]

Post 46.

1. Male Potanthus trachala.
Although FW spot4 have some degree of overlap with spot 3 this is variable. On the upperside the spots 4 & 5 are fully detached.

A continental species P. pseudomaesa is very similar.
but the FW spots in space 1b, 2 & 3 are wider.
A useful guide is that the subapical spots in P. trachala are notched & spiky.

P. trachala FW 14-15mm. male & female.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kvlAhJLLsd0/VAxf7FbehUI/AAAAAAAAQFc/hP3tC8esw5s/s1600/HFH3746-Potanthus-trachala-tytleri.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Potanthus%20trachala%20tytleri/Potanthus_female_01.jpg

P. pseudomaesa FW 13mm..Capable of finding its way into Singapore.
Male H.K.
https://images5.fotop.net/albums/butterfly/PotanthusP/Potanthus_pseudomaesa.jpg
India male.
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQZMpq8yYG9CBUfwQOgF80tLoWVZ7peT bibpg&usqp=CAU
Female.
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sites/default/files/observation/Potanthus%20spp.%20_1665190495_236702.jpg
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sites/default/files/observation/Potanthus%20spp.%20_1665190495_236703.jpg



2. Probably female Caltoris bromus.
FW & HW are nearly of similar tone.
FW subapical spots two, Visible upper cellspot large.
Male.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/223677817/large.jpg
The female is paler but not always this pale.
The HW white spots are not always present.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/20120387/large.jpeg

Typical female Caltoris cormasa.
FW subapical spots more often three; FW upper cellspot typically small; HW deeper darkish red tone.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2caxXSexYr0/VMOML1IwF_I/AAAAAAAATvE/QsdxJABXW6o/s1600/DSC_0108.JPG
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ET0KyvY9PPY/VJQs4PFCZ0I/AAAAAAAASlc/WgbpuPWOIF8/s1600/DSC_0341.JPG
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Caltoris%20cormasa/283%20Caltoris%20cormasa%20Bobby%20Mun.jpg
https://live.staticflickr.com/5258/5427260282_cd67d64c22_b.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/53863340/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/101192776/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/47604958/large.jpeg



3. Ypthima horsfieldii.

Probably 95% of Y baldus have HW spot 5 larger than spot 6.
Perhaps another 5 % have them equal.
Underside more buff coloured.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DN5O-c2TqL0/UwcTpGziJPI/AAAAAAAAb9A/m5w3NLU3bB8/s1600/CFR_adult_Anthony_01.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H6ohrwJ_PwY/Uqci_3LN2FI/AAAAAAAAazM/AF6IHgGE7t4/s1600/CFR_adult_01.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Ypthima%20baldus%20newboldi/CFR_mating_pair_Bobby.jpg



TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Dr Seow,

Regarding Post 46, I took another look at the Caltoris and there is actually 3 FW spots, but because of the file size limit I had to lower the resolution and the third spot wasn't clear. Here is the iNaturalist link for a clearer image: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139620987

[Psyche]

Dr Seow,

Regarding Post 46, I took another look at the Caltoris and there is actually 3 FW spots, but because of the file size limit I had to lower the resolution and the third spot wasn't clear. Here is the iNaturalist link for a clearer image: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139620987

The 3rd subapical spot (spot 8) is rather vague & ill-formed.

Both C. bromus & cormasa (females especially) can have 2 or 3 fully formed subapical spots or sometimes even one only.
It is just that female C. bromus tend to have two subapical spots, & cormasa three.

The other factor is the upper cellspot tend to be large in bromus.
Also your specimen is very fresh, yet it does not show the distinctive dark mottling on the HW of cormasa.
Is it a coincidence that the upper cellspot is large.


Here is another shot of yours, which is fresh & can be identified immediately as a female Caltoris cormasa.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120486424
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/203792743/large.jpg


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

I see, thank you for the clarifications Dr Seow!

[Psyche]

The three Caltoris ,namely cormasa, bromus & cahira can sometimes be rather confusing because of the change in colour tone in photography.

Caltoris bromus is normally more uniforly brown.
FW subapical typically two & cellspot prominent.
Males Singapore.
https://i13.photobucket.com/albums/a288/SunnyChir/Bin/Sunny-Chir-1D4-7107--25_08_2014_zpsd5aebfd1.png
https://i35.photobucket.com/albums/d156/Schir/Share/Sunny-Chir-1D3--28_07_2012---7140.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/209995587/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/60699155/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/223677817/large.jpg

The female C. bromus is confusingly variable.
It is one of only two species in S.E. Asia in which the female may have one to two white spots on the HW.

Females Singapore.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/20120387/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/142911504/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/142911513/large.jpeg

The next series of pix which represent one individual from CCA/Bukit Timah (Feb.2020), is remarkable for being very reddish as in cormasa.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/63542716/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/60633072/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/60633064/large.jpg

Compare C. bromus from Taiwan & H.K.
Taiwan male.
https://taieol.tw/files/muse_taieol/muse_styles/w1024/mcode/a598b41681f551c9999805c9ebc98d2a.jpg?itok=SOs7_4qm
Females.
https://data.taieol.tw/files/eoldata/imagecache/taieol_img/images/252/h34-2-1.jpg
https://farm3.static.flickr.com/2813/9509360804_aec2551d54_b.jpg
http://woxiong.butterfly-photo.com/displayimage.php?pid=1261
H.K.
females.https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/64292566/large.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/30585551@N08/18806893565

Thailand.
http://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93320001.html



Caltoris cahira have a more consistent appearance, the HW is dark chocolate.
I recall Horace raised a male.
Male P. Malaysia.
https://live.staticflickr.com/5739/21680122591_88ca2c13f4_b.jpg
Females Singapore.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7l1dr3n_gKc/UNkf7-O6cQI/AAAAAAAAIJg/leZVbtGOi8k/s1600/DFP+2252+Caltoris+bromus.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/213043281/large.jpg

Compare C. cahira austeni from Taiwan (same ssp.)
Male.
https://insectaintegration.wpbox.site/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/%E6%94%BE%E8%B8%B5%E7%8F%82%E5%BC%84%E8%9D%B6-Caltoris-cahira-%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%85%A71.jpg
Female.
https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8170/7969810082_4448f3ce8b_z.jpg

Caltoris kumara remais unrecorded here.
The female may have HW spots.FW lacks cellspot.
http://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93350010.html
https://eol.org/pages/182384


TL Seow: CHeers.

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Shot this really faded skipper, not sure if you are able to ID this, but any advice would be appreciated. There is no HW cell spot, and 2 lower HW spots maybe a third but I'm not too sure.

Parnara sp? Here is the iNaturalist link for higher resolution: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/140355654
28088
28089

Same individual shot by Lumin Ong with slightly more visible upperside spots.
28090

[LJK1410]

Also, is this Pantoporia sandaka or hordonia? Shot by Lumin. Thank you!

28091

[Psyche]

Post 53.

Male Pelopidas agna.

If there is only the 1st pic there would be great difficulty in IDing this.
Pix 2 & 3 shows two round cellspots, the path of male brand, a black line running from the large rectangular spot 2.
Underside colour uniform brown.

http://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93090001.html

P. agna. FW spots 2 & 3 narrow, rectangular. Underside uniformly brown.
Males.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Pelopidas%20agna%20agna/PA_male_06a.jpg
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tQNuynda7-c/Vk6to9P81eI/AAAAAAAAkj4/aNtww6l2YUM/s1600/PA_male_06b.jpg
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0ay6g4CBF24/Vk6sb3rntCI/AAAAAAAAkjE/M4_TN-KBrlU/s1600/PA_male_05c.jpg

Pelopidas mathias.
FW spots 2 & 3 wide, quadrate. Underside shaded grey or smudged & 'dirty'.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/238806678/large.jpeg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Pelopidas%20mathias%20mathias/small%20banded%20swift%20-bene.jpg
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vqr7KmROfek/VK_uf1hWp7I/AAAAAAAAfwY/N4uLlFOKIUM/s1600/SBS_adult_male_upperside_01.jpg

[Psyche]

Post 54.

Likely to be the female Pantoporia sandaka.
Although the grey band is wide, it seem variable in the female P. sandaka.
The orange submarginal band is expanded at the apex, which do not happen in P. hordonia.
To proof P. hordonia is still extant in Singapore someone need to shoot a male, which have not happen for 20 years.



P. sandaka sandaka.
Male postdiscal spot 2 with large 'foot' extending inwards along the lower margin.
Grey submarginal band always very narrow in the male, variable in the female.
Orange submarginal band often expanded at the FW apex.
P. Malaysia.
Males.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c8rXTibfeqY/Une7uK6IDRI/AAAAAAAALeU/9RQQGiO1Jvk/s1600/DSC_0137.JPG
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/210278563/large.jpeg
Female.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/56800444/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/22717163/large.jpg

Singapore males.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/229090835/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/229080649/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/161221946/large.jpeg
https://farm1.staticflickr.com/939/42955544194_6c7f1ca40b_b.jpg
Singapore females.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Pantoporia%20hordonia%20hordonia/Common%20Lascar%20-%20Federick%20Ho.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/220652040/large.jpg
https://singapore.biodiversity.online/species/A-Arth-Hexa-Lepidoptera-000472?imageId=0



Pantoporia hordonia hordonia.
The FW submarginal grey band is always broad in both sexes. The foot of the FW spot 2 is shorter.
P. Malaysia
Males.
https://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/Pantoporia%20hordonia%20001a.jpg
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6TIVtGI_okk/U3dZiNWZG2I/AAAAAAAAOdc/ONasPwcgx60/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/DSC_0229.JPG
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/225000070/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/171645939/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/105638213/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/105638206/large.jpg
Female.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/29184148/large.jpg
Female Thailand.
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/0a/f2/90/0af29065cd231720cd6868fd389661b5--thailand-bug.jpg
Female Cambodia.
https://ftp.funet.fi/index/Tree_of_life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/limenitidinae/pantoporia/hordonia_hordonia-1xu.jpg

Singapore.
The male was shot long ago.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oiSX3-kyPRk/Tk-9CD1-ziI/AAAAAAAAGZI/i5qORnzy7V4/s1600/CommonLascar-KSK4.jpg


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

A couple of Telicota sp. I need help with, the HW veins don't seem to be darkened. Thank you!

1. iNaturalist link: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141865377
28109
28110

2. iNaturalist link: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141865421
28111
28112

[Psyche]

They are both male Telicota besta.

From what I can see, both have raised veins with shadowlines.


To reiterate.
T. colon male Ided by the staggered FW spots arrangement.
Male brand arcuate as in T. besta.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Telicota%20colon%20stinga/Telicota-colon2-KSK.jpg


T. besta.
Male generally with raised veins lightly darken.
HW ground colour light.
Male brand arcuate, set nearer the inner boundary of the black space.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6-BjVfqOIQ0/U1vGug7ph3I/AAAAAAAAdO0/Emv5HEJEs0M/s1600/TB_adult_male_up_01.jpg
Same individual.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-n_yvZvniiOM/VJQtyNZmRuI/AAAAAAAASl4/IEKfYylJ0jU/s1600/DSC_0303.JPG
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nveFPRTePYM/VJQurbQtDGI/AAAAAAAASmM/6NnOT8wd-qw/s1600/DSC_0296.JPG



Telicota linna
HW veins across band not darken. Ground often duskier. Paler underparts.
Male brand straight in the black space ,with equal black on both sides of the brand.
Same individual. Correction : This is T. augias; Upperside FW shows a triangular orange patch at the base of space 2, & + the straight brand.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/174391251/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/174391265/large.jpeg
Others. These are correct as T. linna. Note underparts paler.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/237144981/large.jpg
[/I][/I]http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GdFakZH5jew/VgOglxSyTZI/AAAAAAAAOQI/klpr0iaTa1U/s1600/Telicota-linna-M---Horace-Tan.jpg
https://alchetron.com/cdn/telicota-608b9a01-d3cb-4d3a-9827-d591d3395e2-resize-750.jpg
Females.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/223677830/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/43609958/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/206256629/large.jpeg
Added.
Male upperside showing brand straight, with equal black spacings on both sides, & base of space 2 black.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qDEk4MIq_7Y/Vz1fLcMFHjI/AAAAAAAAmUA/i3pASYZomYsQt82Qg10lMbyNBvB3lzhogCLcB/s1600/TL_male_05.jpg



Telicota augias.
Male very orangey bright.
HW band not contrsasting with ground colour, & veins not darken.
Male brand straight & often large in the black space.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/47005337/large.jpg
https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5336/9950853134_aaff7fdc56_b.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hp7OPF_eJ6Q/U6ZQMNh6IkI/AAAAAAAAOPs/KFaTN4_wis4/s1600/HFH_2956-Palm-Dart-(Telicota-augias-augias).jpg
same individual (reared specimen)
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6riT3uzrel0/VgoXg6gugdI/AAAAAAAABhk/BmQspbMAvkk/s1600/Telicota%2Baugias_male_1.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y3LkExqbZs8/VgoXg4gxecI/AAAAAAAABhk/g-Exi9WYzh8/s1600/Telicota%2Baugias_male_2.jpg



TL Seow: Cheers
PS. An example of confusion.
IDed as Telicota augias but male brand is arcuate & set near the inner border of the black space ,thus indicating it is T. besta.
Note raised veins.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/85786319/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/85786326/large.jpeg

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow! I shot them near the host plant Scleria bancana which should also further suggest T. besta

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

I went to check out the newly opened Rifle Range Nature Park and shot this skipper. I believe its a Baoris sp., a confirmation would be appreciated! Thank you!

Baoris oceia? iNaturalist link: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/142050082
28115
28116

[Psyche]

Post 60.

It is definitely Baoris male, likely Baoris oceia.

The separation of B. oceia & farri is etremely difficult.
It is simply assumed in the past the dark ones are oceia & the lighter brown ones are farri.
B. oceia also tend to have reduced spots but all Singaporean examples of males have reduced spots.
these presumptions are unscientific.

B. oceia does not occur further north in Indochina or India.
Thus examples there can be certain to be B. farri.

B. farri males
India.
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sites/default/files/1584_91192-609-6188235ed7d39-1_0.jpg
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sites/default/files/1303_91187-371-618806ff7fe2f-1_0.jpg
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sites/default/files/1449_69595-16-5f707c5e5b64c-1_0.jpg
Yunnan.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/itchydogimages/7863317448/in/photostream/

B. farri females.
India.
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sites/default/files/87_1785-735-5477508f04e43-1.jpg
Vietnam.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sYt6GjV-TMA/V7Y4G52HtzI/AAAAAAAAKCE/-ixR1hyUq88NkXgEWe7PTPQD-O8wyoNmgCLcB/s1600/Baoris%2Bfarri1.jpg

From the observations, B. farri have the HW cilia always pale, the FW cilia may be darkish.


Probable examples from Singapore.
? B. farri
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Baoris%20oceia/Paintbrush%20Swift%20-%20Sum%20Chee%20Ming.jpg
? females.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x-06hY8OEZs/VdHfToCVpHI/AAAAAAAAjXg/8Y0EWmOuY3k/s1600/Baoris_farri_Cher_Hern_01.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/24862932/large.jpg

Probable B. oceia from Singapore.
FW cilia always darkish.
HW cilia darkish.
Males.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Baoris%20oceia/Paintbrush-Swift---Khew.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Baoris%20oceia/Paintbrush-Swift---Simon-Sng.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/192875554/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/113186362/large.jpg
? Doubtful.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jE5CT4nr9aE/VdHflea6zSI/AAAAAAAAjYA/nbzqtR6X8mI/s1600/Baoris_farri_adult_03.jpg
Females.
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zofygsdg7GM/UtvU6laFe0I/AAAAAAAANUw/PukGtDMyHYo/s1600/HFH_0945+female+of+Baoris+oceia.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0rwJjrQ_JS8/UtvUmPecUgI/AAAAAAAANUo/_eleBd9rZ4Y/s1600/HFH_0894+female+of+Baoris+oceia.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/207969442/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/175617364/large.jpeg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/134279611/large.jpeg


It seem easier to separate the females.
It may be all current photos of males are of B. oceia.


TL Seow: Cheers.
PS. It is possible there are no valid shots of B. farri, male or female from Singapore.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Got a Telicota sp. I need help with. The veins are only slightly raised and not darkened, undersides and face seem slightly paler, Telicota linna? Thank you!

iNaturalist link: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143724094
28133
28134

[Psyche]

Post 63.

Yes. This looks correct for Telicota linna male.

Fieldshot I are difficult.
Here is a reiteration of the ID features between T. linna & besta.

Telicota linna male.
1. HW veins usually not raised or darken.
2. HW ground colour duskier.
3. Thorax hairs darker/duskier than the wing colour.
4.Face & underpart (abdomen ) generally paler.
5. Upperside male brand in middle of black space & base of space 2 black.

Males.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pxufm6yxwJY/Vz1Ts1TFzdI/AAAAAAAAmSA/3i5nnLNhN_04ab0tBl_oAsFTUb_tq3E8QCLcB/s1600/TL_male_02.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-79Gj7N-1GXc/Vz1Td5Ld2HI/AAAAAAAAmR4/95Ux0hx6rvQBix7nmXm2PYZenG8olIQ2wCLcB/s1600/TL_male_01.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7aMywOHZIiI/Vz1UG-Y6-3I/AAAAAAAAmSQ/O1Qd2JSxJl8D_uCe3e646iEfKN8iRFvpQCLcB/s1600/TL_male_03.jpg
https://alchetron.com/cdn/telicota-608b9a01-d3cb-4d3a-9827-d591d3395e2-resize-750.jpg



Telicota besta male.
1. HW veins raised with shadowlines or slight dark dusting.
2. HW ground colour clearer ,tawny or orange.
3. Thoracic hairs orangey, closer to HW colour.
4. Only face is slightly paler.
5. Upperside male brand arcuate, nearer inner border & base of space 2 with an orange patch.

Males.
https://images-wixmp-ed30a86b8c4ca887773594c2.wixmp.com/f/5cb77cac-13f5-4143-a7f2-17dfeebe596e/d1siwei-8a464175-3f7f-4550-9181-76b843b227f8.jpg/v1/fill/w_914,h_653,q_75,strp/telicota_besta_bina_i_by_log1t3ch_d1siwei-fullview.jpg?token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI 1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJ1cm46YXBwOjdlMGQxODg5ODIyNjQzNzNh NWYwZDQxNWVhMGQyNmUwIiwiaXNzIjoidXJuOmFwcDo3ZTBkMT g4OTgyMjY0MzczYTVmMGQ0MTVlYTBkMjZlMCIsIm9iaiI6W1t7 ImhlaWdodCI6Ijw9NjUzIiwicGF0aCI6IlwvZlwvNWNiNzdjYW MtMTNmNS00MTQzLWE3ZjItMTdkZmVlYmU1OTZlXC9kMXNpd2Vp LThhNDY0MTc1LTNmN2YtNDU1MC05MTgxLTc2Yjg0M2IyMjdmOC 5qcGciLCJ3aWR0aCI6Ijw9OTE0In1dXSwiYXVkIjpbInVybjpz ZXJ2aWNlOmltYWdlLm9wZXJhdGlvbnMiXX0.chb3yS1qr4jcno 74EQZ1rN6U-XZvtDSdQn1a_R-OTVo
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EcRIOq2ivQ8/U1vGYbuSkoI/AAAAAAAAdOU/R4gYL-S-BfY/s1600/TB_adult_male_-04.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NbpYa8XexNw/VJQtyK97NHI/AAAAAAAASl0/i77WR2aduOU/s1600/DSC_0294.JPG
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UaQyq4Qv0Do/U1vGMJpF3JI/AAAAAAAAdOE/AO0B1ysaCfU/s1600/TB_adult_01.jpg



Some field shots.
Telicota linna.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/24610090/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/224963689/large.jpeg
Females.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/43609958/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/223677830/large.jpg


Telicota besta.
Males.
Same individual .Nor male brand arcuate, near orange patch at base of space 2.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/27250174/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/27250161/large.jpg
others.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/223678625/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/198303601/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/234136291/large.jpg
Females.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/160496402/large.jpeg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/38027030/large.jpeg


Telicota augias is often confused with T. besta.
Often T. besta is misIDed as T. augias.
Here is an unusual instance of T. augias misIDed as T. besta.
Note T. augias male brand broad, straight in the middle of black space, & base of space 2 with an orange patch (as in T. besta).
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/20875009/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/20874977/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/20875014/large.jpeg


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

A few Caltoris sp that require ID. Thank you!

1. Caltoris philippina? Greenish hairs on head and no HW spots.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144646708
28151

2. Caltoris cormasa?
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143926235
28152

3. Caltoris cormasa?
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144646656
28150

[Psyche]

Post 65.

1. Male Baoris oceia. Pale area on the antenna (seen here) more often not visible.
Baoris oceia male often have reduced spots. eg especially the subapical spots.
In Singapore, the upper cellspot is lunulate(crescent) as seen here.
Hw may have a vgue pale patch at the cellend.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/30124039/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/112890087/large.jpg

Caltoris philippina is very different, being narrow-winged.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dUpUIge8ARc/VVgQs0A2W2I/AAAAAAAAhcE/G5GhTdkiJzY/s1600/CP_adult_field_male_01.jpg
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gug8ilYe9Z8/VWhywdI5i5I/AAAAAAAAiIo/s9jlHp15g-A/s1600/CP_newly_eclosed_BenJin_01.jpg


2 & 3. Male Caltoris cormasa.
The reddish tone with dark mottling on the HW is typical, FW is paler
Male & female.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9Go2TnPxaKo/VMzE5lXcXCI/AAAAAAAATzo/LzfU-LKjitM/s1600/DSC_0182.JPG
http://www.butterflycircle.com/checklist/mugshots/Caltoris%20cormasa/283%20Caltoris%20cormasa%20Bobby%20Mun.jpg


Some misIDs.


Caltoris bromus male.
FW twin large cellspot; small spot in space 1b (hardly in other males)Underside FW & HW more uniform.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89619994

Caltoris bromus female.
FW with twin large cellspots; HW underside with a white spot in space 2 (diagnostic.).
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92336192

Caltoris cahira male.
FW with twin large cellspots; HW underside dark chocolate.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97774898


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Shot this puddling Telicota sp. today, HW veins not strongly raised or darkened, face does seem a little paler. Would this be T.besta or T.linna? Thank you!
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158551267

[Psyche]

Post 68.
Male Telicota besta.

If there is lightly darkening of the veins in a male Telicota plus FW spots 4 & 5 fully aligned it is diagnostic.

T. besta male HW veins raised with shadowlines or lightly dark dusted ;Face usually paler; FW spot 4 & 5 aligned.
Examples.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UaQyq4Qv0Do/U1vGMJpF3JI/AAAAAAAAdOE/AO0B1ysaCfU/s1600/TB_adult_01.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EcRIOq2ivQ8/U1vGYbuSkoI/AAAAAAAAdOU/R4gYL-S-BfY/s1600/TB_adult_male_-04.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/263852751/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/250244297/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/250444543/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/243129479/large.jpg
Female.
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OEM0FaXJUEI/U1vGhhSB71I/AAAAAAAAdOk/ZsPEPPciXJU/s1600/TB_adult_female_01.jpg

T. linna Male Hw veins not raised or dark dusted. Face & underparts usually paler.
Males.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-79Gj7N-1GXc/Vz1Td5Ld2HI/AAAAAAAAmR4/95Ux0hx6rvQBix7nmXm2PYZenG8olIQ2wCLcB/s1600/TL_male_01.jpg
https://alchetron.com/cdn/telicota-608b9a01-d3cb-4d3a-9827-d591d3395e2-resize-750.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/254946520/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/249769260/large.jpeg
Females.
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e_7pWdo7Xxw/Vz1Tmmx5PpI/AAAAAAAAmR8/f2OCfKpKqCUHrPSwUg4pPp-4TWKi0VGlwCLcB/s1600/TL_female_03.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/43609958/large.jpg

T. augias Male rather uniformly deep orange; Female more orange than others HW veins may be lightly dark.
Males.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/47005337/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/98679560/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/21312633/large.jpeg
Female.
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/48167565/original.jpeg


TL Seow;Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Thank you Dr Seow!

[Psyche]

Correction. Post 63

The male should be Telicota besta .

The HW veins are raised with shadowlines.


TL Seow: Cheers.

[LJK1410]

Hi Dr Seow,

Need assistance with this Pelopidas sp. The FW spots are aligned. Thank you!

Pelopidas assamensis?
28031

Dr Seow,

Looking back at this one, could it be a Parnara sp. instead? Antennae also seem short and stubby along with the aligned FW spots.

[Psyche]

Dr Seow,
http://www.butterflycircle.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=28031
Looking back at this one, could it be a Parnara sp. instead? Antennae also seem short and stubby along with the aligned FW spots.

It is a female Pelopidas mathias.

Some examples of Pelopidas do have the subapical spots aligned rather straight.
The HW spot is diagnostic if present.
It is placed near the origin of vein 6.
Female P. mathias.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/325716602/large.jpeg
Female P. agna
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/325745093/large.jpg

In Parnara if the HW cellspot is present, it is at the origins of veins 3 & 4.
FW subapical spots 6 & 7 are always aligned ,if spot 8 is present, then all three are in a straight line.
Antennae are very short.
Two known species.

Parnara bada.
Upperside FW spot 3 quadrate & equidistant from spots 2 & 4.
Underside HW spots small & separate. HW spot 6 often present.
http://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93050001.html
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/325393372/large.jpeg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/2464963/large.jpg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/326576869/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/324376769/large.jpeg


Parnara ganga.
Upperside FW spot 3 semi-rectangular & placed nearer to spot 2 than to spot 4.
Underside HW spots usually large & close together, spot 6 almost always absent.
http://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93040001.html
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/10377351/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/240052249/large.jpg

All fieldshots from Singapore.


TL Seow: Cheers.