ID request - July 28, 2024

Hi Dr. Seow,
Need your help to id these observations. Thank you.

#25 Choaspes? Fraser's Hill - July 24, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231389987

#26 Grass Skipper? Fraser's Hill - July 24, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231748488

#27 Grass Skipper? Fraser's Hill - July 24, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231779903

#28 Grass Skipper? Fraser's Hill - July 25, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231779913

#29 Grass Skipper? Fraser's Hill - July 25, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231779920

#30 Melanitis? Sungai Sedim, Kedah - July 19, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230444429


#1 Grass Skipper? Bali, Indonesia - June 18, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/224339719

#2 Arhopala? Penang Botanic Gardens - June 29, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/226120778

#3 Arhopala? Sungai Sedim, Kedah - July 2, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/226874613

#4 Grass Skipper? Sungai Sedim, Kedah - July 2, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/226930943

#5 Grass Skipper? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 6, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227266810

#6 Allotinus? Hutan Lipur, Buki Hijau, Kedah - July 6, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227719965

#7 Allotinus? Hutan Lipur Bukit Hijau, Kedah - July 6, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227719967

#8 Arhopala? Sungai Sedim, Kedah - July 6, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227949482

#9 Neptis? Sungai Sedim, Kedah - July 6, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227963719

#10 Arhopala? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 5, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227972119

#11 Grass Skipper? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 11, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/228610530

#12 Arhopala? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 11, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/228610549

#13 Euthalia? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 15, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/229447464

#14 Miletus? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 18, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230064982

#15 Arhopala? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 18, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065004

#16 Arhopala? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 18, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065006

#17 Arhopala? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 18, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065023

#18 Grass Skipper? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 18, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065024

#19A Arhopala? Penang Botanic Gardens - July 18, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065025

#19B
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065027

#19C
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065028

#20 Arhopala? Sungai Sedim, Kedah - July 19, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230444432

#21 Arhopala? Sungai Sedim, Kedah - July 19, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230444435

#22 Arhopala? Sungai Sedim, Kedah - July 19, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230444486

#31 Euthalia? Fraser's Hill - July 25, 2024
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231779898

Cheers from Penang island, SL Liew

#25 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231389987

Choaspes stigmatus caudatus.

Attachment 28563

Choaspes stigmatus caudatus.
Black patch inside tailfold small & nit reaching margin.
Tailfold blunt.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/90300020.html
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...-stigmatus.jpg
https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/...44e2b09a_b.jpg
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...tigmatus-1.jpg


Choaspes subcaudatus crawfurdi.
Black patch inside tailfod large & reaching near the margin.
Tailfold sharp.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/90330010.html
https://res.cloudinary.com/ppc1/imag...w4c5ixshx7.jpg
https://ze-ph.sakura.ne.jp/zeph-blog/files/091229zb.jpg
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...ubcaudatus.jpg

#26 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231748488

There are at least two individuals mixed up here.
1 is a male.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231748488
4 is a female.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231748488


They all looks to be Potanthus lydia.





#27. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231779903

Potanthus lydia. Abdominal end indicate a female.


Potanthus lydia medium FW 14-15mm.
FW spots 4 & 5 deatched at the upper end between spots 5 & 6.
There is always a little overlap between spots 3 & 4.
FW spots 4 & 5 usually converging on their inner margins in a shallow ;V;.
Underside lightly shaded with diffuse dark spots edging the band.
Abdominal end shaded black, heavy in the male.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/92830001.html
Male.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...thus-lydia.jpg
https://c1.staticflickr.com/6/5648/2...e0f34ba0dc.jpg

#28 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231779913

Telicota ohara jix.
UnH with the band's inner margin rather straight ,without the strong notch seen in other species.
Male upperside FW brand very thin & straight.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/92950010.html
https://thaibutterflies.com/Butterflies/telicota-ohara/
https://butterfliesvietnam.blogspot....nded-palm.html

#29 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231779920

Aeromachus jhora.

Two similar species.
Small skippers with a pointed nose marked by a dark dividing line.

Aeromachus jhora.
UnH with two series of defined spots.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/91093010.html
https://www.flickr.com/photos/itchyd...es/50220431957


Aeromachus pygmaeus.
UnH vaguely marked with ill-defined spots.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/91120001.html
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...s-1080x722.jpg

#30 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230444429

Most likely female Melanitis zitenius.

The females of M. phedima & zitenius can be very similar.

In M. zitenius the Fw costa (forward margin) is less arched & the falcate Fw apex have a longer & more acute hook.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/sat/40030010.html
https://wingscales.com/Nymphalidae/M...tenius-auletes


In M. phedima the FW costa is very arched (rounded) & the apical hook is shorter & less acute.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/sat/40020010.html
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/les/sat/40020010.pdf

#1 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/224339719

Parnara bada.

P. bada is widespread, ranging from Africa to Australia.

The UnH series of spots is often small& irregular but there is wide variation.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93050001.html

Typical small spot form P. Malaysia.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r10tmE1OD...rnara+bada.jpg
Larger spot form
https://indiabiodiversity.org/group/.../show/15072995
https://thaibutterflies.com/Butterfl.../parnara-bada/

P. ganga usually have larger spots but HW spot 8 is absent or vestigial.
https://wingscales.com/Hesperiidae/Parnara-ganga
https://blogger.googleusercontent.co...ara+ganga1.jpg

P. apostata which have a small spot 6 is very dark above.
P. Malaysia.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R1LW7DbcO...0/DSC_0338.JPG
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XGMVndBIW...0/DSC_0332.JPG

#2 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/226120778

Arhopala pseudomuta

This seem quite common in Penang.

Attachment 28564

Arhopala pseudomuta.
FW postdiscal spot 4 shifted outwards.
HW postdiscal spot 6 across spot 5 & cellend bar.
Spot 7 directly above spot 6.
HW postdiscal band widely dislocated at vein 2.

This & A. alitaeus have more rounded spots .

A. pseudomuta.
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...1---Horace.jpg
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...-%20Horace.jpg
Arhopala alitaeus. More strongly contrasted markings.
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...le_Loke_01.jpg

The other members have spots/bands with straighter margins eg
A. elopura.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...la-elopura.jpg
A. aida.
https://res.cloudinary.com/ppc1/imag...wku7yfpttq.jpg
A. ariana.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhopa...naMUpUnAC1.jpg




#3 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/226874613

The markings are as for the amphimuta group, but the vital tornal parts are torn.
Although it is most likely A. moolaiana it is impossible to be certain.

#4 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/226930943

Potanthus probably P. mingo.

You need the upperside, abdominal end & underside to id Potanthus.

The 1st pic manage to show the abdominal end as black.
Veins on the HW are not dark-dusted.
3 possibilities, P. mingo, lydia & flava.
Most likely P. mingo.



# 5 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227266810

Salanoemia fuscicornis.
FW subapical spots hyaline.
https://wingscales.com/Hesperiidae/S...ia-fuscicornis
With reduced subapical spot.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...s-1080x719.jpg

Salanoemia sala.
FW subapical spots are black.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...oemia-sala.jpg

#6 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227719965
Allotinus horsfieldi male.

#7 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227719967
Allotinus horsfieldi female. Note unusual feature ie HW spot 7 is doubled.


Two species are very similar.
They are still much confused.

Allotinus horsfieldi.
This is a common species next after A. unicolor.
FW postdiscal band dislocated in the middle.
HW spot 6 just under spot 7.
All spots are variable.
Ground colour pale biege with the spots brownish.
Female with broad-based teeth on the HW.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/lyc2/80380010.html
Males.
https://a4.pbase.com/o6/25/686825/1/...onleogoron.jpg
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...ermagnus-2.jpg
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Np8-cHJjQ...0/DSC_0039.JPG
Female
https://www.flickr.com/photos/gancw1...n/photostream/

Allotinus leogoron
The 2nd species is very rare .
FW band with a mid-dislocation & HW spot 6 is under spot 7.
Male upperside with a broader brand.
It differs mainly in that the underside ground colour is whiter & the markings darker giving it a better contrast.
Female HW teeth slightly narrower but impossible to be certain in fieldshots.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/lyc2/80390001.html
Male.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...55/medium.jpeg
Female.
https://d29tlldvxtis6c.cloudfront.ne...darkie6683.jpg

There is much confusion.
Otsuka's Bornean Lycaenids give good comparisons L49 & L50.

These IDed as A. horsfieldi are probably A. leogoron.
Males.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...i-1080x675.jpg
https://a4.pbase.com/o6/25/686825/1/...usP_oncopy.jpg
Female.
https://live.staticflickr.com/5625/2...69fc7855_b.jpg

#8 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227949482

Arhopala major.
Tailless. Markings as for the amphimuta group.
HW posdiscal band dislocated; V spot distorte as J; no tornal white dot.




#9 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227963719

Neptis leucoporos.
fW postdiscal spot 3 touching the submarginal series of spot.
HW discal band not reaching the uppermargin.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/lim1/720200010.html



#10.https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227972119

Arhopala pseudomuta.

#11 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/228610530

Potanthus omaha male.
Abdominal end yellow.
Underside ground lightly shaded.
Veins variably lightly dark-dusted.
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...obby%20Mun.jpg
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...se_site_01.jpg



@12 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/228610549

Most likely female Arhopala major.

The pattern is that of the amphimuta group.
The position where a tornal white spot may be is hidden
However, the upperside with the broad brown borders on both wings is that of female A. major or norda.
The HW V spot is poorly shaped suggesting A. major. V spot is well-formed in A. norda.



#13. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/229447464
Male Euthalia merta.

Readily identifiable by the outward facing arrowheads.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-faP0tbqdU...0/DSC_0019.JPG
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...drick%20ho.jpg



#14. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230064982

Possibly Miletus chinensis.
Impossible to be certain.
Nearly identical to M. biggsii on the underside.

The top subapical spot in M. boggsii is usually well out of line with the rest of the subapical series.
Singapore.
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...%20biggsii.jpg
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...llen%20Tan.JPG
https://live.staticflickr.com/2480/3...8aca959d_c.jpg


In M. chinensis the top subapical spot is more or less in line.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/npict12/80210010_n005.jpg
https://wingscales.com/media/2400/2002-1-c35e4.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...s_-Ventral.jpg

Note other species ie M. gopara & gaesa have the spot as in chinensis.



#15 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065004

Arhopala pseudomuta.

#16 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065006

Arhopala pseudomuta.



#17 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065023

Amphimuta group.
No definite tornal white spot.
A. amphimuta or major.

The two are very similar & not as easily separated as in Singapore.



#18 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065024

At first sight this suggest Ge geta,but some features do not match.

Ge geta have long tapering antennal clubs.
The labial palps in front of the head are not protruding as here.
Ge geta.
https://nlliew66butterflies.blogspot...niceville.html
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Cezf7mD7u...0/DSC_0220.JPG
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CSJM4OmHR...0/DSC_5916.JPG
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/92370001.html

This seem to match Quedara better.
The labial palps are bulging, the antennal clubs more angled.
Quedara males.
https://blogger.googleusercontent.co...0/DSC_8977.JPG
https://nlliew66butterflies.blogspot...monteithi.html
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sC8j1FwRw...0/DSC_0375.JPG


Most likely Quedara ?monteithi or singularis.

All three are members of the amphimuta group.

#19A https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065025
Vague tornal white spot.

#19B https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065027
Definite white cilial spot in pic 1.
Upperside with broad brown borders on both FWs & HWs suggest Arhopala norda/major.
Upperside+tornal white spot = female Arhopala norda.

#19C https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230065028
Tornal white spot in pic 1.
Upperside HW mainly brown pic 4 = white tornal spot suggest female A. norda.

There is a strong suggestion that all three are Arhopala norda.

#20 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230444432

Arhopala pseudomuta.



#21 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230444435

Amphimuta group, subgroup amphimuta.
No tornal white spot.
The HW postdiscal band fairly straight, so probably Arhopala amphimuta.



@22 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230444486
Again no white tornal spot ,HW postdiscal band fairly straight.
Probably A. amphimuta.

Outside of Singapore A. amphimuta is probably the commoner of the two.

#31 https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/231779898

Female Tanaecia munda waterstradti

This is one of those elusive rarity that was so confusing in the past.
Note green eyes & on the FW in space 1b a single large sub-basal spot that differentiate it from the female of Euthalia monina.



Tanaecia pelea pelea.
HW more rounded in the male.
HW arrowheads set midway or nearer inner border of marginal zone.
Male
https://blogger.googleusercontent.co...ederick_03.jpg
female.
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...erick%20Ho.jpg


Tanaecia palguna consanguinea.
Male robust, & HW arrowheads set nearer outer margin.
FW arrowheads shorter & placed nearer to outer margin.
Males
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...ia-palguna.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...6917/large.jpg
Female.
https://a4.pbase.com/g9/25/686825/2/...5.MwQKhqWz.jpg


Tanaecia munda waterstradti
HW arrowheads set nearer outer margin.
Hw marginal zone strongly whitened.
FW arroheads longer, as in pelea.
Males.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...8396/large.jpg
https://a4.pbase.com/o6/25/686825/1/...._LC81369x.jpg
Females.
https://a4.pbase.com/g6/25/686825/3/...3.q4HTrHyT.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/i...tZgy7j0SW0og&s
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WK_R2gEF_...0/DSC_0071.JPG

Added.
Northwards into S. Thailand ,the HW becomes browner.
Male, Betong. Note stouter built, tapered HW; placement of HW arrowheads.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...1-1080x675.jpg

Compare Male T. pelea, Si Thamarat. Less stout; rounded HW ;placement of HW arrowheads nearer inner border.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...1-1080x675.jpg



Tanaecia aruna aruna.
FW with separated white discal spots inner to the white arrowheads.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...ia-aruna-1.jpg


Female Euthalia monina monina.
Eyes brown. FW space 1b with two or more smallish sub-basal dark spots.
https://wingscales.com/media/2400/2831-1-c1891.jpg

Added
Female Euthalia kanda marana.
This can look similar but also have tiny sub-basal spots in FW space 1b.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...171/large.jpeg
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Lx48-CUu...0/DSC_0201.JPG




TL seow: Cheers.
Added.
Correct image of the female Tanaecia munda in Peninsular Malaysia is extremely rare.
There is one in the Corrigenda to C&P 5 Plate 2, fig. 9.
https://www.mothsofborneo.com/Corrig...Nov12_2021.pdf

Thanks so much Dr. Seow - very illuminating and educational.
Cheers from Penang, SL Liew